【NHBB】历史竞赛必备知识点-第②期

美式教育大巴 • 2024-03-21

历史竞赛必备知识点第2期来啦！上次小编整理了非洲史、古代史和亚洲史，这一期再为大家盘点一下欧洲历史、拉丁美洲和加勒比地区历史，以及美国历史的重点。

同学们不用特地死记硬背，学历史从来都不是机械化记忆，而是要发自内心去探索和发现历史的乐趣。

比如说，你看到“法国大革命”，你就不能只记住1789这个数字，你还要去了解背后的故事，巴士底狱是如何被攻占的，何为君主立宪派，《人权宣言》的诞生有何意义。

图源：https://lesmis.com

你甚至可以去看一看相关电影、纪录片、音乐剧，看一看《悲惨世界》，感受当时的社会文化、历史背景、人民群众的生活。单从“法国大革命”这短短的5个字，能发散的知识点就有很多。

所谓“兴趣是最好的老师”，这样的学习方式才会有更少的压力，更多的动力。

好啦，那让我们开始今天的知识盘点吧~

一. European History欧洲历史

The Glorious Revolution, which was the 1688 deposition of James II in favor of William and Mary, decisively ended at the Battle of the Boyne.

1688年，詹姆士二世被废黜，威廉和玛丽继位。这场“光荣革命”最终在博因河战役时结束。

图源：百度百科

Alan Turing (1912-1954) was an English mathematician who decoded the Enigma machines during World War II.

艾伦·图灵（1912-1954）是一位英国数学家，他在第二次世界大战期间破译了恩尼格玛密码机。

图源：百度百科

René Descartes (1596-1650) was a French philosopher whose first principle is translated to “I think, therefore I am.”

笛卡尔（1596-1650）是一位法国哲学家，他的第一原则被翻译为“我思故我在”。

图源：百度百科

Prussia ceased to exist after the abdication of Wilhelm II, which led to the formation of the German republic.

普鲁士在威廉二世退位后不复存在，致使德意志共和国建立。

Europe’s first written constitution was the Magna Carta, which was a 1215 document signed by King John after a group of barons sought protection and rights from the king’s government.

欧洲第一部成文宪法是《大宪章》(Magna Carta)，1215年由约翰国王签署。该法的诞生源于贵族群体向国王统治寻求庇护和权利

Between 1789 and 1799, the French Revolution saw its citizens uproot the monarchy. This event saw the deaths of Jean-Paul Marat (1743-1793) and his assassin, Charlotte Corday (1768-1793), as well as the deaths of King Louis XVI (1754-1793) and Marie Antionette (1755-1793).

在1789年至1799年间，法国大革命爆发，公民将君主制连根拔起。这一事件导致了保罗·马拉（1743-1793），刺杀保罗的刺客夏洛特·科戴（1768-1793），国王路易十六（1754-1793）以及玛丽·安蒂瓦特（1755-1793）的死亡。

图源：百度百科

The Tower of London served as a prison during the reign of the Tudors dynasty. One of its notable inmates was a younger Elizabeth I (1533-1603), who was accused of plotting against her half-sister, Mary I (1516-1558).

都铎王朝统治时期，伦敦塔被用作监狱，伊丽莎白一世（1533-1603）年轻时曾被囚禁于此，她被指控策反其同父异母的姐姐玛丽一世（1516-1558）。

图源：百度百科

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) was an Austrian composer of The Magic Flute and The Marriage of Figaro.

沃尔夫冈·阿玛迪斯·莫扎特（1756-1791）是奥地利作曲家，创作了《魔笛》和《费加罗的婚礼》。

The city of Pisa is home to the Leaning Tower, whose structure tilt is nearly titled at four degrees.

比萨斜塔位于比萨城，其结构倾斜度几近四度。

图源：百度百科

Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013) served as the United Kingdom’s first female prime minister from 1979 to 1990.

玛格丽特·撒切尔（1925-2013）于1979年至1990年担任英国首位女首相。

Paul von Hindenburg (1847-1934) served as the final president of the Weimar Republic.

保罗·冯·兴登堡（1847-1934）是魏玛共和国的最后一任总统。

Gioacchino Rossini (1792-1868) wrote The Barber of Seville and included the William Tell overture in his final opera in the early 19th century.

焦阿基诺·罗西尼（1792-1868）创作了《塞维利亚的理发师》。19世纪初，他在创作的最后一部歌剧中加入了《威廉·泰尔序曲》。

图源：百度百科

Mercia was one of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England during the Heptarchy; their king Offa the Great built a dike extending across the Anglo-Welsh border.

麦西亚是七国王朝时期英格兰的盎格鲁-撒克逊王国之一，其国王奥法大帝修建了一条横跨盎格鲁-威尔士边境的堤坝。

The Carnation Revolution was a 1974 coup that put an end to the Estado Novo and began Portugal’s transition to democracy.

1974年，康乃馨革命爆发，葡萄牙结束了“新国家”（Estado Novo）时代，开始了向民主的过渡。

图源：百度百科

The Great Famine was a period between the years of 1845 to 1852, which saw massive Irish emigration following the failure of the potato crop.

爱尔兰大饥荒爆发于1845年到1852年之间，期间由于马铃薯歉收，大批爱尔兰人移民国外。

二. Latin American and Caribbean History 拉丁美洲和加勒比地区历史

The Inca Empire was a western South American empire whose capital was located in Cusco, Peru. In 1532, it was overthrown by Spanish soldiers led by Francisco Pizarro (1478-1541).

印加帝国是南美洲西部的一个帝国，其首都位于秘鲁的库斯科。1532年，弗朗西斯科·皮萨罗（1478-1541）领导西班牙军队推翻印加政权。

图源：百度百科

Augusto Pincochet (1916-2006) was a Chilean dictator who ousted Salvador Allende (1908-1973) through a 1973 coup.

奥古斯托·皮科切特（1916-2006）是智利独裁者，他通过1973年的政变推翻了萨尔瓦多·阿连德（1908-1973）。

Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) was a Venezuelan soldier whose efforts in gaining independence in South American countries earned him the nickname “the Liberator.”

西蒙·玻利瓦尔（1783-1830）是委内瑞拉的一名士兵，他帮助南美国家力争独立，被称为“解放者”。

图源：百度百科

Brothers Fidel Castro (1926-2016) and Raúl Castro (1931 -) led the Cuban Revolution (1953-1959) and the overthrow of Fulgencio Bastista (1901-1973).

菲德尔·卡斯特罗（1926-2016）和劳尔·卡斯特罗（1931 - ）两兄弟领导了古巴革命（1953-1959），推翻了富尔亨西奥·巴蒂斯塔（1901-1973）的统治。

Consisting of two islands, Trinidad and Tobago is governed from the Port of Spain.

特立尼达和多巴哥共和国主要由特立尼达和多巴哥两个岛屿组成，其首都为西班牙港。

三. US History 美国历史

Malcolm X (1925-1965) was a civil rights activist who gave the “Ballot or the Bullet” speech and co-wrote his autobiography with Alex Haley (1921-1992).

马尔科姆·艾克斯(1925-1965)是一名民权活动家，他发表了“选票还是子弹”的演讲，并与亚历克斯·哈利(1921-1992)共同撰写了自传。

The Great Awakening was a period of religious revival between the 1730s and the 1740s. Between the mid-1790s and mid-1830s, another Protestant religious revival took place during the Second Great Awakening.

“大觉醒”是指18世纪30年代到40年代之间的宗教复兴时期。在18世纪90年代中期到19世纪30年代中期，在第二次大觉醒期间发生了另一次新教宗教复兴。

RIchard Nixon (1913-1994) served as 37th president of the United States, a position he resigned from as result of the Watergate scandal.

理查德·尼克松(1913-1994)是美国第37任总统，因“水门事件”辞职。

图源：百度百科

John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) was the youngest man to ever be elected as president of the United States and spearheaded the “Great Frontier” social program.

约翰·F·肯尼迪（1917-1963）是美国历史上最年轻的总统，也是“新边疆”政策的提出和推动者。

Harriet Tubman (1820 or 1822-1913) was an abolitionist who led nearly 70 slaves to freedom through the Underground Railroad.

哈丽特·塔布曼(1820或1822-1913)是一位废奴主义者，她带领近70名奴隶通过“地下铁路”重获自由。